Types
- Assertiveness:- Insisting on your rights or opinions
- Aggression:- Behaviour intended to harm or injure someone against his wishes
- Violence:- A delibrate attempt to inflict physical harm
Instrumental aggression/violence
- Primarily a means towards some other ends
Emotional aggression/violence
- Doing damage is an end itself
- Any instrumental value is purely at psychological level.
3 types of explanation for violence
(1) The instinct explanation
- Human is violent in nature
- Release violence in different ways eg.sports, fights
- Aggression has survival value for the species
(2) Social/culture learning explanation
- Aggression is learnt
- Instrumental learning: Rewards awarded for violence done
- Observatory learning: Social modelling
(3) Aversive stimulation explanation
- Aggression is designed to reduce arousal levels by eradicating unpleasant stimulation
The violence cycle of behaviour (The assault cycle)
- Trigger
- Escalation
- Crisis
- Recovery
- Post-crisis depression phases
Sunday, 14 June 2009
Loss And Grief (By Megan Gressor)
Stages of grief
- Shock:- Numbness, disbelief. Serves as the mind's way of protecting itself from too much bad news all at once.
- Denial:- Refuses to accept the loss. Declines with time.
- Intense emotions:- Overwhelming emotions, rage, grief, regrets, fear, anxiety, helplessness. Euphoria is the mind's way of giving itself a break from exhausting emotions.
- Bargaining:- "If only I do this......"
- Depression:- Sad hopelessness, feel apathetic and tired. Withdrawn and no interest in anything.
- Acceptance:- Come to terms with loss.
Note:- These stages may not come in this order and may pass faster or slower for different people.
Factors affecting how people can cope
- Prepareness for the news
- Relationship with the deceased
- Acompanying changesL- A sense of loss is compounded if it involved other major life changes
- Health and state of mind:- A positive/robust person is likely to be more resilient
- Access to a support network:- Supporters should not interrupt, listen carefully. Don't use well-meaning advice.
Note
- Don't neglect and increase his isolation. Men tend to retreat into themselves at times of loss, only venting frustrations alone.
- Children regress to infantile behaviour, become clingy and insecure.
- Grief is like losing an arm, never 100% healed but can learn to work around it and enjoy life again.
Toll taken by grief
- Stress and disease:- Suppress the immune system, more susceptible to infection and disease, such as indigestion, exhaustion, insonmia
- Depression:- Frequent bouts of tear, feelings of numbness, hopelessness and withdrawal
- Loss of identity:- Losing someone important makes us feel like losing a part of ourselves
- Loss of self-esteem:- "I'm useless.'
- Shock:- Numbness, disbelief. Serves as the mind's way of protecting itself from too much bad news all at once.
- Denial:- Refuses to accept the loss. Declines with time.
- Intense emotions:- Overwhelming emotions, rage, grief, regrets, fear, anxiety, helplessness. Euphoria is the mind's way of giving itself a break from exhausting emotions.
- Bargaining:- "If only I do this......"
- Depression:- Sad hopelessness, feel apathetic and tired. Withdrawn and no interest in anything.
- Acceptance:- Come to terms with loss.
Note:- These stages may not come in this order and may pass faster or slower for different people.
Factors affecting how people can cope
- Prepareness for the news
- Relationship with the deceased
- Acompanying changesL- A sense of loss is compounded if it involved other major life changes
- Health and state of mind:- A positive/robust person is likely to be more resilient
- Access to a support network:- Supporters should not interrupt, listen carefully. Don't use well-meaning advice.
Note
- Don't neglect and increase his isolation. Men tend to retreat into themselves at times of loss, only venting frustrations alone.
- Children regress to infantile behaviour, become clingy and insecure.
- Grief is like losing an arm, never 100% healed but can learn to work around it and enjoy life again.
Toll taken by grief
- Stress and disease:- Suppress the immune system, more susceptible to infection and disease, such as indigestion, exhaustion, insonmia
- Depression:- Frequent bouts of tear, feelings of numbness, hopelessness and withdrawal
- Loss of identity:- Losing someone important makes us feel like losing a part of ourselves
- Loss of self-esteem:- "I'm useless.'
Introducing Psychology Part 3
The hierarchy of needs
- Physiological needs
- Safety needs
- Love and belongingness
- Esteem needs
- Cognitive needs
- Aesthetic needs
- Self-actualization
Each need must be satisfied before the next need can motivate us. We can go up or down several times.
- Physiological needs
- Safety needs
- Love and belongingness
- Esteem needs
- Cognitive needs
- Aesthetic needs
- Self-actualization
Each need must be satisfied before the next need can motivate us. We can go up or down several times.
Saturday, 13 June 2009
Introducing Psychology Part 2
2 'laws' of learning
- The law of exercise - Repetition strengthens learning
- The law of effect - The effect of reward is to strengthen learning
Infant's 3 basic emotions
- Fear - Caused by loud noise, sudden loss of support
- Rage - Caused by restriction of body movement
- Love - Caused by caressig and rocking
Why punishment is ineffective?
- Causes less and slower learned responses
- Individual will avoid being punished rather than stop the undesirable behaviour
- Causes individual to associate punishment with pinisher, rather than the behaviour
- Trains individual what not to do, but not what to do
Behavioural objectives
- Verbs must be measureable (eg. state, list), not vague (eg. understand, know)
2 types of people
- Internal locus of control - Believe reinforcement depends on personal effort
- External locus of control - Reinforcement depends on outside sources. Make less attempts at improving lives
Gestalt principles of perception
- Proximity - Perceiving things which are close together
- Continuity - Perceiving things which continue, and not 2 seperate items
- Similarity
- Closure
- Pragnanz - Sense of 'goodness' is often experienced when objects are symmetrical, simple
- Figure/ground illusion - We tend to perceivesome items in the foreground or background. If ambiguous, we'll switch from one to another, or it depends on the viewer's personality or expectations (mental set)
3 styles of leadership
- Authoritarian
- Democratic
- Laissez-Faire
Note:Democratic group leads to higher productivity and better able to work on ownself
Psychologically healthy person
- Openness to all experience
- Ability to live fully in every moment
- Willing to follow own instincts
- Freedom in thought and action
- Much creativity
Self esteem depends on the gap between ideal self and self image. It can be increased by raising self image or lowering ideal self.
Left brain:- Controls right side of body, deal with visual-spatial skills
Right brain:- Control left side of body, specialise in language skills
Behaviour is influenced by the social-cultural perspective.
Culture
- "The human-made part of the environment"
- Objective: Means of transport technology
- Subjective: Beliefs, values, roles
Note: Culture is always changing. Modern cultures faster to change. Traditional cultures slower to change
3 aspects of attitude
- Cognitive - The beliefs (factual and neutral)
- Affective - The emotional feelings
- Behavioural - The actions taken
Attitude change can be achieved by working on all 3, especially the affective component.
Prejudice is am extreme attitude and is easily created.
Group behaviour
- Confirmity - A small group can influence a person as he doesn't want to be embarrassed, wrong or different.
- Obedience - Instructions from a person
Human's learning
- Thinking
- Conditioning
- Imitation
- The law of exercise - Repetition strengthens learning
- The law of effect - The effect of reward is to strengthen learning
Infant's 3 basic emotions
- Fear - Caused by loud noise, sudden loss of support
- Rage - Caused by restriction of body movement
- Love - Caused by caressig and rocking
Why punishment is ineffective?
- Causes less and slower learned responses
- Individual will avoid being punished rather than stop the undesirable behaviour
- Causes individual to associate punishment with pinisher, rather than the behaviour
- Trains individual what not to do, but not what to do
Behavioural objectives
- Verbs must be measureable (eg. state, list), not vague (eg. understand, know)
2 types of people
- Internal locus of control - Believe reinforcement depends on personal effort
- External locus of control - Reinforcement depends on outside sources. Make less attempts at improving lives
Gestalt principles of perception
- Proximity - Perceiving things which are close together
- Continuity - Perceiving things which continue, and not 2 seperate items
- Similarity
- Closure
- Pragnanz - Sense of 'goodness' is often experienced when objects are symmetrical, simple
- Figure/ground illusion - We tend to perceivesome items in the foreground or background. If ambiguous, we'll switch from one to another, or it depends on the viewer's personality or expectations (mental set)
3 styles of leadership
- Authoritarian
- Democratic
- Laissez-Faire
Note:Democratic group leads to higher productivity and better able to work on ownself
Psychologically healthy person
- Openness to all experience
- Ability to live fully in every moment
- Willing to follow own instincts
- Freedom in thought and action
- Much creativity
Self esteem depends on the gap between ideal self and self image. It can be increased by raising self image or lowering ideal self.
Left brain:- Controls right side of body, deal with visual-spatial skills
Right brain:- Control left side of body, specialise in language skills
Behaviour is influenced by the social-cultural perspective.
Culture
- "The human-made part of the environment"
- Objective: Means of transport technology
- Subjective: Beliefs, values, roles
Note: Culture is always changing. Modern cultures faster to change. Traditional cultures slower to change
3 aspects of attitude
- Cognitive - The beliefs (factual and neutral)
- Affective - The emotional feelings
- Behavioural - The actions taken
Attitude change can be achieved by working on all 3, especially the affective component.
Prejudice is am extreme attitude and is easily created.
Group behaviour
- Confirmity - A small group can influence a person as he doesn't want to be embarrassed, wrong or different.
- Obedience - Instructions from a person
Human's learning
- Thinking
- Conditioning
- Imitation
Introducing Psychology Part 1
Methodology: Study of methods of research
5 methods of research
- Experiment
- Observation
- Survey
- Case study (case history)
- Correlation (significance) *
* Correlation doesn't show causation and also may occurs by chance (spurious correlations)
- Check sample is appropriate, reliable(consistent) and valid data(intended measurement)
Sampling
Random - Each person has equal chance
Quota - Certain number from specific groups
Opportunistic - Whoever is avaible, maybe biased
- Nothing can be proved. No amount of evidence is sufficient. There's always the possibility of new, conflicting evidence
Mind
The conscious - The awareness we have when we are awake
The pre-conscious - Contains memories of dreams
The unconscious - Containing secret wishes and fears; traumatic memories of the past
The 3 parts of mind
- The ID - Inborn and is alone for a couple of years. Operates by The Pleasure Principle. Sefish and typically wants immediate gratification.
- The ego - Develops from about 2 years. Operates by The Reality Principle. Essentially selfish.
- The superego - Develops from about age 3 (Influenced by parents). Is the "moral watchdog" that stops us from doing wrong. It considers other people too.
Note: Don't let ego inhibits ID. People should sometimes 'let go' and enjoy themselves.
Stages of psychological development
- Oral(0-2 years) - Baby instinctively sucks to develop trust and an optimistic personality
- Anal(2-3 years) - Child becomes aware of its bowels
- Phallic(3-6 years) - Child becomes aware of genitals and sexual differences
- Latent(6-11 years)
- Genital (11+ years)
Ways to unconsciously protect ourselves from unpleasant ideas
- Repression - Pushing down unwanted ideas into the unconscious and keeping them there. Too much can be exhausting as it takes engergy(Libido)
- Regression - Going back to an earlier stage. It's natural to seek situations that give comfort, especially under stress
- Displacement - Diverting energy(Libido) into another activity
- Seblimation - Displacement which is 'healthy' eg. Sports
- Denial
- Projection etc......
Note: It's better for the unpleasant ideas to rise into the conscious mind to be confronted and dealt with.
- Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience
Learning theory - classical conditioning
Requires:- A neutral simulus that will become a cinditioned simulus
- An unconditioned stimulus
Result:- An unconditioned response which becomes a conditioned response
Therapies developed from classical conditioning
1) Desensitization therapy - Relax a phobia
2) Counter conditioning therapy
3) Aversion therapy
Sexual Deviancy
- Fetishism - Unusual sexual behaviour
- Voyeurism - Sexually aroused when watching other people
- Sadism & masochism - Sexual pleasure from inflicting physical or mental suffering
- Paedophilia - Sexual excitment in the presence of children
- Homosexuality
5 methods of research
- Experiment
- Observation
- Survey
- Case study (case history)
- Correlation (significance) *
* Correlation doesn't show causation and also may occurs by chance (spurious correlations)
- Check sample is appropriate, reliable(consistent) and valid data(intended measurement)
Sampling
Random - Each person has equal chance
Quota - Certain number from specific groups
Opportunistic - Whoever is avaible, maybe biased
- Nothing can be proved. No amount of evidence is sufficient. There's always the possibility of new, conflicting evidence
Mind
The conscious - The awareness we have when we are awake
The pre-conscious - Contains memories of dreams
The unconscious - Containing secret wishes and fears; traumatic memories of the past
The 3 parts of mind
- The ID - Inborn and is alone for a couple of years. Operates by The Pleasure Principle. Sefish and typically wants immediate gratification.
- The ego - Develops from about 2 years. Operates by The Reality Principle. Essentially selfish.
- The superego - Develops from about age 3 (Influenced by parents). Is the "moral watchdog" that stops us from doing wrong. It considers other people too.
Note: Don't let ego inhibits ID. People should sometimes 'let go' and enjoy themselves.
Stages of psychological development
- Oral(0-2 years) - Baby instinctively sucks to develop trust and an optimistic personality
- Anal(2-3 years) - Child becomes aware of its bowels
- Phallic(3-6 years) - Child becomes aware of genitals and sexual differences
- Latent(6-11 years)
- Genital (11+ years)
Ways to unconsciously protect ourselves from unpleasant ideas
- Repression - Pushing down unwanted ideas into the unconscious and keeping them there. Too much can be exhausting as it takes engergy(Libido)
- Regression - Going back to an earlier stage. It's natural to seek situations that give comfort, especially under stress
- Displacement - Diverting energy(Libido) into another activity
- Seblimation - Displacement which is 'healthy' eg. Sports
- Denial
- Projection etc......
Note: It's better for the unpleasant ideas to rise into the conscious mind to be confronted and dealt with.
- Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience
Learning theory - classical conditioning
Requires:- A neutral simulus that will become a cinditioned simulus
- An unconditioned stimulus
Result:- An unconditioned response which becomes a conditioned response
Therapies developed from classical conditioning
1) Desensitization therapy - Relax a phobia
2) Counter conditioning therapy
3) Aversion therapy
Sexual Deviancy
- Fetishism - Unusual sexual behaviour
- Voyeurism - Sexually aroused when watching other people
- Sadism & masochism - Sexual pleasure from inflicting physical or mental suffering
- Paedophilia - Sexual excitment in the presence of children
- Homosexuality
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