Introducing Psychology Part 2

2 'laws' of learning
- The law of exercise - Repetition strengthens learning
- The law of effect - The effect of reward is to strengthen learning

Infant's 3 basic emotions
- Fear - Caused by loud noise, sudden loss of support
- Rage - Caused by restriction of body movement
- Love - Caused by caressig and rocking

Why punishment is ineffective?
- Causes less and slower learned responses
- Individual will avoid being punished rather than stop the undesirable behaviour
- Causes individual to associate punishment with pinisher, rather than the behaviour
- Trains individual what not to do, but not what to do

Behavioural objectives
- Verbs must be measureable (eg. state, list), not vague (eg. understand, know)

2 types of people
- Internal locus of control - Believe reinforcement depends on personal effort
- External locus of control - Reinforcement depends on outside sources. Make less attempts at improving lives

Gestalt principles of perception
- Proximity - Perceiving things which are close together
- Continuity - Perceiving things which continue, and not 2 seperate items
- Similarity
- Closure
- Pragnanz - Sense of 'goodness' is often experienced when objects are symmetrical, simple
- Figure/ground illusion - We tend to perceivesome items in the foreground or background. If ambiguous, we'll switch from one to another, or it depends on the viewer's personality or expectations (mental set)

3 styles of leadership
- Authoritarian
- Democratic
- Laissez-Faire
Note:Democratic group leads to higher productivity and better able to work on ownself

Psychologically healthy person
- Openness to all experience
- Ability to live fully in every moment
- Willing to follow own instincts
- Freedom in thought and action
- Much creativity

Self esteem depends on the gap between ideal self and self image. It can be increased by raising self image or lowering ideal self.

Left brain:- Controls right side of body, deal with visual-spatial skills
Right brain:- Control left side of body, specialise in language skills

Behaviour is influenced by the social-cultural perspective.
Culture
- "The human-made part of the environment"
- Objective: Means of transport technology
- Subjective: Beliefs, values, roles
Note: Culture is always changing. Modern cultures faster to change. Traditional cultures slower to change

3 aspects of attitude
- Cognitive - The beliefs (factual and neutral)
- Affective - The emotional feelings
- Behavioural - The actions taken

Attitude change can be achieved by working on all 3, especially the affective component.
Prejudice is am extreme attitude and is easily created.

Group behaviour
- Confirmity - A small group can influence a person as he doesn't want to be embarrassed, wrong or different.
- Obedience - Instructions from a person

Human's learning
- Thinking
- Conditioning
- Imitation